Which theory states that laughter occurs when outcomes differ from expectations?

The correct choice highlights the Incongruity Theory, which posits that humor arises when there is a discrepancy between what is anticipated and what actually occurs. This theory emphasizes that laughter often results from an unforeseen twist or an unexpected outcome that catches individuals off guard or surprises them.

For instance, a punchline in a joke relies on the audience's expectation being subverted in a clever or amusing way. When the resolution of a joke does not align with the listener's predetermined expectations, it creates a cognitive dissonance that can elicit laughter. This response stems from the sudden realization of the incongruity between the expected scenario and the reality presented.

In contrast, other theories, such as Relief Theory, focus on laughter as a mechanism for releasing pent-up emotions or psychological tension. Superiority Theory, on the other hand, deals with the idea that laughter arises from the perception of one’s superiority over others. Lastly, Spontaneity Theory suggests that humor might spring from spontaneous reactions, but it does not directly connect to the expectations versus outcomes framework.

Thus, the recognition of incongruity as a primary source of humor makes Incongruity Theory the accurate choice in explaining the relationship between laughter and the differential outcomes related to expectations.